Publications

The European Defence Industrial Base and ESDP

THE INDUSTRY-LED RESTRUCTURING PROCESS
1997-1999 : the European defence industry under pressure
• Firms seek economies of scale and enlargement of the market
• State/industry consensus on the need for industrial consolidation
From international cooperation to transnational integration
• The first cooperative programmes, common subsidiaries and joint ventures
• Privatisation
• Concentration
• Groups with diversified activities
Appraisal by sector of activities
• Defence aerospace and electronics : a strategy of segment consolidation
• The land and naval armaments sectors : an industrial scene divided along national lines
Trends in European defence industrial direct employement
• Overview
• Situation by country

THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
The permanence of the Europe/United States imbalance
• Unfavourable conditions...
• ...the US strategy of expansion in Europe
First initiatives aimed at creating a favourable environment for European defence industries
• Creation of ad hoc structures by the principal armaments producing countries (Germany, United Kingdoms, France, Italy, Spain and Sweden)
• First steps towards an institutional strategy for the EU in the field of armaments

ALL-UNIONS INITIATIVES
The establishement of a European Armaments Agency (EAA)
Prospects for all-Union initiatives short of fully-fledged procurement functions
• Research and development
• Improving the industry-government interface
• Programme management

ENHANCED COOPERATION
EDIB-related enhanced cooperation
• Programme management
• The creation of NATO-style defence infrastructure programmes
ESDP-related cooperation with EDIB consequences
• Strategic lift
• Homeland Defence

CONVERGENCE OBJECTIVES
Convergence objectives monitoring implementation
Input objectives
• Equipment expenditure as a share of defence spending
• Defence equipment expenditure as a percentage of GDP
• Defence equipment expenditure per capita
• Defence equipment expenditure per military person

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Transatlantic Gaps and European Armaments Co-operation

Introduction
The spending capability and technology gap and the European defence technological and industrial base
• Are different spending levels across the Atlantic creating a 'gap'?
• Capability shortfalls of European armed forces
• Co-operability and interoperability but not gap-closing as the central transatlantic challenge
• The political relevance of a European defence technological and industrial base (DTIB)
• Interdependence between governments and industry
Spending scarce defence budgets more efficiently by deepening European armaments co-operation
• Characteristics of the "European armament system" undermining competitiveness
• Trends
• European procurement reform : issues to be considered
European armament / defence industrial future
• Scenario I : Fragmented Europe
• Scenario II : Core Europe
• Scenario III : A Vision - Integrated Europe
Concluding remarks : the specificity of the defence sector and European comptitiveness
Abbreviations